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History

 For 175 years, Toledo Public Schools has been one of the most influential institutions in the history of our city. The lives of hundreds of thousands of Toledoans have been formed within the walls of their neighborhood schools, leading to each one’s mark on the future of our society.  From its inception on May 8, 1849 to present day, TPS remains a progressive, forward-thinking school district.

Timeline

May 8, 1849
Toledo Public Schools is established with the election of school board officers.
1851
La Grange School is the first brick schoolhouse to open.
August 15, 1853
The cornerstone is laid for Toledo High School, on the site of where the main Toledo-Lucas County library stands today.
1854
Toledo High School opens for students. This was the same year that TPS started providing equal education for girls - while New York, Boston, and Philadelphia were only providing high school educations to boys. Olive Parmlee was the first woman to graduate in the first THS graduating class in 1857. 
1857
The first graduating class of Toledo High School has three students: William H. Smith, Olive Parmelee, and Amos W. Crane.
June 26, 1871
On this day, the Toledo Board of Education voted 4 to 3 for the elimination of separate classes for African American students in the school district. One vote had changed the course for minority students allowing them to have the equivalent access to education as their white counterparts in Toledo. Although this same resolution failed the previous year with the opposite vote of 4 to 3 in favor of retaining the division among the races, the fight for school equality in Northwest Ohio started much earlier.
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The Toledo Colored School Association was formed in 1850 under the auspices of the local African Methodist Episcopal church, later to be renamed Warren AME. It was entirely separate from Toledo Public Schools and had its own trustees. On March 15, 1855, TPS provided a common or “unclassified” school for use as a colored school. The school was not equivalent in education, equipment, nor even heat from the stove. The single room was 30 x 35 feet and had nearly sixty students of all ages crammed into the space by the late 1860s. 
In April 1869, African American protesters, led by Toledo tradesman J. Madison Bell, and accompanied by black Civil War veterans, held a meeting labeling the Colored School as a “shed” compared to school buildings for whites. Armed with the meeting momentum, along with the support of Toledo Commercial newspaper publisher Clark Waggoner, the coalition pushed forward, but were met with great resistance from prominent Toledoans, including board president Charles Hill. 
Hill was a distinguished lawyer in Toledo and one of the founding fathers of Toledo Public Schools. His narrow interpretation of the 1864 law requiring districts to provide schools for colored students if the number exceeded 20 children completely ignored the second half of the law which stated implementing “as far as practical the advantages and privileges of providing a common school education.” In essence, equal access to a quality education for both races and not just a shed. Waggoner and Hill sparred in the competing newspapers, The Commercial and The Blade, degrading one another in childlike fashion. The public quickly tired of the constant bickering and the stimulus for integration was tabled.
In January 1871, Garland H. White, an African American tinsmith and preacher, filed suit against the Board of Education on behalf of his daughter, who was physically unable to walk to the Colored School. She was denied access to Clinton Park School (later renamed Warren School) since she was black, even though it was the closest school to her home. Erie School, the second closest, also forbade her.  White hired a private teacher for her education, but still was required to pay taxes to support the public school system. This double payment was cited in his lawsuit against TPS requesting $500 in damages. 
While the suit was working through the court system, a small change - but one that would have lasting effects - occurred on the Board of Education. An election by the citizens of Toledo placed a new board member, Alvin Cone, in the seat of a retiring member. Cone voted in the affirmative to abolish segregated schools, while another member, Matthew Shoemaker, who was for the continuation of the separate colored school, was absent the day the vote was taken on June 26, 1871. White dropped his lawsuit and Hill acquiesced his resistance to the elimination of separate facilities for Toledo Public Schools.

Although black students had won the right to attend schools with white students, the battle for acceptance by their peers had just begun. 

1873
Ada M. Ritchie began her 50-year teaching career three months before her graduation in 1873 from Toledo High School by filling in for a sick teacher. It can easily be said that she taught many early prominent Toledoans at the turn of the century. Ms. Ritchie transferred to Scott High School when it opened in 1913 and was nicknamed the Grand Old Lady of Scott. 
1874
Alonzo A. Lott becomes the first African American to graduate from Toledo High School. He petitioned the board of education to attend Toledo High School through a letter to the editor printed in the Toledo Commercial in 1870, but was initially denied.
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It started with a Letter to the Editor to the Toledo Commercial, published on May 5, 1870. Alonzo A. Lott had petitioned the TPS Board of Education for the right to attend Toledo High School based on his academic achievements, but was denied the opportunity due to the color of his skin.  At age 17, he used his intelligence and the power of the pen to challenge those in control of the school system to provide an equal opportunity.

Born around 1853 to the son of a local brick mason, Lott excelled in his studies and felt he could advance no further in his education if he continued at the TPS colored school. The board refused to allow him entrance into the high school, however, so Lott moved to Pennsylvania in order to continue his education at the high school level. With the board of education vote on June 26, 1871 allowing integration of the races, Lott was able to return and complete his studies at Toledo High School.  

Alonzo A. Lott became the first African American to graduate from TPS in 1874. Two years later, Lott was a successful attorney and an official notary in Lucas County.  He eventually moved to the Chicago area and died in 1918. 
1889
On April 15, 1889, the Ohio state legislature passes the compulsory attendance law requiring children from ages 8-14 to attend school. John Disher is hired as the first truant officer for the district.
March 11, 1895
Tragedy struck Toledo High School on March 11, 1895, as the top of the building caught fire.  The old bell tolled it’s last ring as it fell inward to the ground.  The Manual Training building and the auditorium, which was a later addition to the high school, were saved. The TPS board minutes reflect the gratitude of the Toledo fire department for saving so much of the school.
September 1898
Toledo High School was rebuilt at a cost of $135,000 and opened in September 1898 at the same location as the original school.  
1899
The first school named after Morrison R. Waite was actually on the west side of the river, not the east. Waite School, located at Waite and Fernwood avenues, opens in 1899; however, with the opening of Waite High School in East Toledo, this school's name is changed to Roosevelt in 1919 to avoid confusion. The school is rebuilt in 1964 and is renamed in 1968 to honor Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. A new King school is built in 2007.
1900

Carl T. Cotter graduates from Toledo High School in 1900; he returns to his alma mater in 1911 as Supervisor of Manual Training and Domestic Science for TPS.

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While his title changes many times over the course of the next 40 years, Cotter remains the steady hand that slowly steers the district towards the opening of Macomber and Whitney Vocational high schools, and leading TPS to having the second largest vocational program in the state of Ohio during the later half of the 1960s. 

The Carl T. Cotter School of Apprentice Training, named in his honor, opens in 1954 at 4535 Hill Ave. and provides much needed specialized vocational education in northwest  Ohio. Today, the building is the Northwest Ohio Construction Education Center. Cotter dies in 1965. 
1901
First named Cycledale School because it is located across from a bicycle factory, Glenwood School opens in 1901. It boasts one of the best indoor pools in the city, measuring 30 X 30 feet, including a plunge bath. Glenwood is rebuilt in 1961 and again in 2007 on the same location.
1904
Pauline Steinem was elected to the Toledo Board of Education in 1904 and became the first woman elected to any public office in Toledo. In 1908, she led the crusade for the passage of a bond levy which provided money to build two new high schools, one on each side of the Maumee River.
1910
Illinois School houses open air classes for students defined as “physically underdeveloped children.”  It is believed that by leaving windows open and exposing students to more fresh air they would be healthier and their disabilities can either be cured or lessened by this exposure. 
September 8, 1913
Scott High School, designed by renowned architect David Stine, opens on September 8, 1913, with 1,193 students, most coming from the old Toledo Central High School. The 1913 football team was considered a combined Scott-Central team until Waite High School opened the following year.  Scott remains a cornerstone for the Old West End community today. 
1913
Frances Irene Ambers, a 1911 graduate from Toledo High School, became the first African American teacher hired by TPS.  She began her 36-year career in 1913 with the district at Erie School, then transferred to the Industrial School housed in the old Toledo High School and completed her tenure at Gunckel School. A scholarship at the University of Toledo still exists in her honor for those students wishing to pursue a career in education.  
1914
Waite High School opens on the east side of the Maumee River.  Contrary to popular urban legend, Waite was not built backward and the architect, David L. Stine, did not commit sucide.  The school was always planned to face East Toledo. 
1916
Fulton School is the first Toledo school to adopt the Open Air policy where windows were kept open all year to help prevent the spread of disease. Teachers and students donned flannel robes with hoods while parents served hot chocolate. The only downside was that the students' inkwells often froze. 
1918
The Toledo Crippled School opens with Nackie Wright as the teacher of six girls and two boys. This building was officially named Charles Feilbach School in 1924. Feilbach was a member of the TPS Board of Education and the Toledo Rotary who fought tirelessly to aid these students. A more permanent and accessible building - also bearing his name - was constructed behind Cherry School and opened in 1931.
1923

Originally called South Side High (until formally being named Libbey High School), this building was erected to relieve overcrowding at Scott and Waite high schools. Situated on 35 acres with five full acres of floor space, the Old English style building was a landmark of the South End community until it was demolished in 2012.

1926
Jones Junior High School is built in 1926 to serve 700 seventh through ninth grade students. Named after Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones, it is constructed on the same location where Broadway Elementary once stood. Jones School boasts one of the largest school libraries in the city and houses a manual training program for those pupils who wish to pursue vocational education. The original building is torn down and the school relocates to Gunckel Park in 2005. Today, Jones Leadership Academy of Business is an accredited TPS high school. 
1928
First begun as a manual training school downtown in the old Toledo Central High School, Woodward High School opened in 1928 in Toledo's north end as a comprehensive high school. Named after Calvin M. Woodward, it remains the only TPS high school not named for a local Toledoan. Woodward was a pioneer in the manual training movement.
1929
The TPS Aeronautics program begins in 1929 at Toledo Vocational High School; Lawrence L. Smart, a pilot during World War One and a licensed aircraft and engineering mechanic, was the first instructor. In 1938, the Aeronautics Shop relocates to Macomber High School. In 1976, classes start being held in the new Aerospace Center at Toledo Express Airport and certification for students is granted that year from the Federal Aviation Administration. Today, the school continues as the Aerospace & Natural Science Academy of Toledo. 
September 1931
Built on the site of the Toledo contagious disease hospital, Thomas A. DeVilbiss High School opens during the height of the great depression in September 1931. The student body is drawn mostly from Scott, Woodward, and Libbey high schools. Teachers are paid in script instead of money and the band uniforms are purchased by Henry Page, Toledo dairy farmer, since no school funds are available. The Henry Page Stadium is dedicated in 1934. 


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From 1957 to 1962, DeVilbiss is ranked 12th in the nation for the most graduates holding doctorate degrees, according to the National Academy of Sciences. School enrollment tops 2,750 in 1959 so split sessions are created to accommodate all the students. Declining enrollment leads to the closure of the school in 1991. The imposing colonial style school now houses Toledo Technology of Engineering and the Toledo Pre-Medical & Health Science Academy.
1932
The Great Depression impacts Toledo on a large scale.  Students often attend school just to receive a hot meal since there are limited financial resources at home. In 1932, the segregated PTAs of Gunckel School ignore the accepted social barriers and combine forces to provide 10,000 hot breakfasts for their students throughout the school year. Parents and community volunteers rotated shifts feeding the bellies of hungry children and are rewarded for their efforts with great praise and smiles from the students. 
1932
Ruby K. Crampton was elected to the Toledo Board of Education in 1932, becoming only the third female to hold that position since 1849. Crampton began teaching in TPS in 1921 at Scott High School, but became so frustrated with the educational direction of the district that she resigned and ran for a seat on the board. 
1935
Enrollment at TPS tops 45,000 students; however, the Great Depression halts construction of much needed new schools as the district loses tax-based dollars. The Works Progress Administration (WPA), created by the federal government in 1935, helped offset this loss by providing funding, maintenance, and the construction of nine schools, including Old Orchard School.
1937
Edward Leslie Bowsher becomes superintendent of TPS and serves in this capacity until 1958. To date, Bowsher is still the longest-serving superintendent in TPS history. 
1938
Macomber Vocational High School opens. Named for Irving Macomber, a school board member from 1908 to 1913, it is said that the lights at Macomber never turn off during World War II since many of the classes deal directly with war production. Originally known as the Craftsmen, later the MacMen, the Macomber teams lead the school to become a powerhouse in the athletic world. 
1939
Whitney Vocational  High School opens and is named after Harriet Whitney, the first female teacher in TPS in the 1830s. Garnet Thompson (pictured here), a long-time TPS vocational education teacher, fought vigorously along with parents for the creation of Whitney High School to provide equal education to women. It closed in 1991, along with Macomber, and was eventually demolished.
1940
National Defense Training is added to the TPS curriculum in 1940 to help facilitate the war effort. More than 10,000 students and adults are trained. It's said that the "lights never went off at Macomber" Vocational High School during World War II as the school pivots its Career Tech program to help with war production.

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As early as January 1942, Lt. Col. John C. Mechem from the Federal National Defense program comes to northwest Ohio, seeking businesses that will help. James Kelly, TPS deputy trainer of Vocational Education, assists in Mechem's tour and promises Toledo will provide all the help it can. Both men are pictured at the welcome provided to Mechem in the Macomber auditorium.
1944
Emory Leverette, principal of Gunckel School, becomes the first African American administrator in TPS. The old Hamilton School on Manhattan Boulevard is renamed Leverette Junior High in 1980 in his honor.
February 19, 1945
As the amphibious assault steams toward the island of Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945, "three cheers for our Jones Junior High, it's the best junior high in Toledo," can be heard above the din from one of the landing craft. Originally written by Marjory Stottler, Jones Class of 1931, and set to the tune of Stars and Stripes Forever, the song became infamous around the world. During the late 1940s, Jones students spend time addressing printed postcards with the lyrics to send to returning servicemen who wonder if there really is a Jones Junior High. 
1946
Fire ravages Temperance School in Michigan in 1946 as 282 children flee the burning building in less than a minute. Toledo Public Schools offers space for these displaced students at Hamilton School on Manhattan Boulevard.
For the next six years, two school systems using different educational regulations across state lines share Hamilton.  Hamilton School returns to its original function as an elementary school until 1980, when it is renamed Leverette Junior High. In 2006, it is demolished, rebuilt just a short distance down the road, and reverts to an elementary school named Leverette Elementary.
1950s
During the 1950s, Civil Defense groups are organized in TPS schools due to the threat of nuclear war. Often, members of the PTA or Mother's Club will gather to make triangular bandages and bandage pads to be stored at the school which will serve as a medical center in case of emergency. Schools are also designated as fallout shelters in the event of a nuclear attack. 
1961
Ella P. Stewart is the first African American woman to graduate from the University of Pittsburgh's College of Pharmacy in 1916. In 1922, she joins her husband to open Stewart's Pharmacy in Toledo. Through her involvement with the League of Women Voters, the National Association of Colored Women's Club, and others, Stewart becomes a national spokesperson for the black community. 

In 1961, Ella P. Stewart School is dedicated in her honor and Stewart can often be found volunteering at the building, helping to shape future generations of activists. The school is renamed the Ella P. Stewart Academy for Girls in 2003 and rebuilt in 2006. It currently houses the Ella P. Stewart Museum.
1962
Toledo Public Schools is the seventh largest employer in the City of Toledo, with enrollment topping 52,000 students. The district has 54 elementary schools and six traditional high schools, including Bowsher and Start, which both open this year. 
1966
Efforts begin as early as 1963 to have Glendale School in the Adams Township School district become part of TPS.  A contentious battle ensues, pitting Adams Township parents against each other through various committees and media outlets. Ultimately, the City of Toledo annexes Adams Township and all township schools, including Rogers High School, become part of Toledo Public Schools.
September 22, 1967
On September 22, 1967, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. draws a crowd of more than 3,500 people to Scott High School's field house. His inspiring speech addresses crucial topics such as nonviolent protests, the economic impact on Black Americans, and the Vietnam War. Tragically, King is assassinated the following year. In 1969, the Toledo Public Schools Board of Education honors King's legacy by renaming Roosevelt School the Martin Luther King, Jr. School. In 2007, the original King school is demolished, and a new King school is built in its place.
1974
Glendale School and Feilbach School, both built during the 1920s and in desparate need of new facilities, are combined to form the ideal educational setting for inclusion of physically impaired children into a regular environment.
1990
Crystal Ellis becomes the first African American superintendent in TPS history.
1999
Toledo Public Schools celebrates 150 years of educational excellence with an all-city schoolwide concert at the Toledo Museum of Art. 
March 2012
Scott High School holds a grand opening celebration in March 2012 after undergoing a $42 million renovation to preserve the architectural integrity of the building - while preparing students for 21st Century learning. It remains the oldest standing high school in Toledo Public Schools and a cornerstone of the Old West End historic neighborhood.